With the demise of Bear Stearns, many investors are rightfully asking what happens to client accounts held at the firm. Client accounts are segregated from the assets of the firm and insured by the Securities Investor Protection Corporation (SIPC) for $500,000 in securities per account. Only $100,000 in cash is insured. If the firm were to file for bankruptcy, the client accounts would be transferred to another broker/dealer. However, in the case of Bear Stearns, the firm's client accounts will more than likely remain with Bear as a division of JP Morgan Chase.
The SIPC doesn't insure against losses in the value of securities, but rather against loss due to malfeasance. As is usually the case with securities firms that run into difficulty, SIPC insurance is rarely utilized. Instead, the securities held by clients are generally transferred to another broker/dealer that agrees to purchase the client accounts. Since client accounts are a valuable asset, there is usually no problem finding another broker/dealer ready to step in to service those accounts. This usually doesn't take long, as evidenced by the case of MJK Clearing, a Minneapolis brokerage firm that failed in 2001. Within a week, most clients were able to access their accounts after the assets were transferred to another firm.
In the case of our firm, Transamerica, client accounts are held by a third party clearing firm. The name of that firm is Pershing. The accounts are segregated from the assets of Transamerica and held in the client's name. Should there ever be any problem with the solvency of Transamerica, as in the case of MJK Clearing, client assets would continue to be held at Pershing until another broker/dealer stepped in to service those accounts. Protection of the client is of utmost importance to all of us in the securities industry, because client confidence is paramount to our success and survival.
John Kaighn
Jersey Benefits Advisors
Web Business Review
Plug In Profit
John Kaighn's Guidance Website
Saturday, March 29, 2008
Wednesday, March 19, 2008
Stock Market Swings To Continue
Look for continued wild swings in the market for the foreseeable future as the current economic situation works itself out. At this juncture the Federal Reserve has committed to shoring up the financial system and mitigating the effects of a deceleration in economic growth. The current consensus of economists is that the US is in recession, or very close to it. While the definitive answer to the recession question will be confirmed after the fact, the Fed has seen enough downside risk to the economy to cut the Federal Funds rate to 2.25%, but has also stated that inflation is a concern.
Fed chairman Ben Bernanke, who studied The Great Depression in detail, feels one of the foremost causes of the prolonged downturn in the 1930's was the central bank's reluctance to lower interest rates. Unfortunately, when the Fed takes this type of action, the dollar becomes weaker and inflation becomes a very real risk. While last month's inflation news was muted, there are fears the renewed speculation in commodities, especially oil, will ignite another round of inflationary pressures. It is too soon to know if the Fed moves and the stimulus plan implemented by the Legislative and Executive branches of the government will stave off recession. There are concerns that the increased stimulus may actually overheat the economy in the second half of the year.
While the markets have been in a bit of a panic mode recently, Bernanke and company have taken the right steps to handle the crisis. If inflation begins to accelerate and global demand for commodities doesn't subside, look for the Fed to stop lowering rates and begin to raise them in the second half of the year. My guess is the Euro and other currencies, which have strengthened against the dollar, will weaken considerably as the global slowdown begins to take hold. Just as the stock markets of the world have not decoupled from the US stock market, the global economies and consequently their currencies have also not decoupled from the dollar.
John Kaighn
Jersey Benefits Advisors
Web Business Review
Plug In Profit
John Kaighn's Guidance Website
Fed chairman Ben Bernanke, who studied The Great Depression in detail, feels one of the foremost causes of the prolonged downturn in the 1930's was the central bank's reluctance to lower interest rates. Unfortunately, when the Fed takes this type of action, the dollar becomes weaker and inflation becomes a very real risk. While last month's inflation news was muted, there are fears the renewed speculation in commodities, especially oil, will ignite another round of inflationary pressures. It is too soon to know if the Fed moves and the stimulus plan implemented by the Legislative and Executive branches of the government will stave off recession. There are concerns that the increased stimulus may actually overheat the economy in the second half of the year.
While the markets have been in a bit of a panic mode recently, Bernanke and company have taken the right steps to handle the crisis. If inflation begins to accelerate and global demand for commodities doesn't subside, look for the Fed to stop lowering rates and begin to raise them in the second half of the year. My guess is the Euro and other currencies, which have strengthened against the dollar, will weaken considerably as the global slowdown begins to take hold. Just as the stock markets of the world have not decoupled from the US stock market, the global economies and consequently their currencies have also not decoupled from the dollar.
John Kaighn
Jersey Benefits Advisors
Web Business Review
Plug In Profit
John Kaighn's Guidance Website
Friday, March 7, 2008
How the Federal Reserve Battles Recession
Historically, capitalistic societies have gone through boom and bust cycles on a regular basis. The economic good times are enjoyable for everyone involved, but sometimes the exuberance can lead to downturns which are often painful. The Federal Reserve was created to help moderate the effects of an economic contraction and was given some powerful tools to affect the money supply and keep the economy out of recession.
The establishment of a Central Bank went through many convolutions prior to becoming a non partisan guardian of monetary policy. During the American Revolution, the Continental Congress printed the new nation's first paper money, known as "continentals”. Later, at the urging of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, Congress established the First Bank of the United States, headquartered in Philadelphia, in 1791. By 1811, with a backlash toward the large banking establishment brewing, the bank's 20-year charter expired and Congress refused to renew it by one vote.
By 1816, Congress agreed to charter the Second Bank of the United
States, but Andrew Jackson, a central bank foe, was elected president in 1828 and he was successful in allowing the charter to expire. State-chartered banks and unchartered "free banks" took hold and began issuing their own notes, redeemable in gold. The New York Clearinghouse Association was established in 1853 to provide a way for the city's banks to exchange checks and settle accounts.
During the Civil War the National Banking Act of 1863 was passed, providing for nationally chartered banks, whose circulating notes had to be backed by U.S. government securities. Although the National Banking Act of 1863 established some measure of currency stability for the growing nation, bank runs and financial panics continued to plague the economy. In 1893 a banking panic triggered the worst depression the United States had ever seen, and the economy stabilized only after the intervention of financial mogul J.P. Morgan.
In 1907 a bout of speculation on Wall Street ended in failure, triggering a
particularly severe banking panic. The Aldrich-Vreeland Act of 1908, passed as an immediate response to the panic of 1907, provided for emergency currency issues during crises. It also established the National Monetary Commission to search for a long-term solution to the nation's banking and financial problems. By December 23, 1913, when President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act into law, it stood as a classic example of compromise -- a decentralized central bank that balanced the competing interests of private banks and populist sentiment.
Originally, the mandate of the Federal Reserve was not envisioned as an entity which would utilize an active monetary policy to stabilize the economy. The idea of using an economic stabilization policy only dates from the work of John Maynard Keynes in 1936. Instead, the founders viewed the Fed as a means of preventing the supplies of money and credit from drying up during economic contractions, as often happened prior to World War I.
The central bank’s function has changed since the days of the Great Depression, and the Fed now primarily manages the growth of bank reserves and money supply to help stabilize growth during expansions. In order to control the money supply, the Fed uses three main tools to change bank reserves. These tools are a change in reserve requirements, a change in the either the discount rate or the federal funds rate, and the use of Open-market operations.
Changing the reserve ratio is a seldom used, but quite powerful tool at the Fed’s disposal. The reserve ratio is the percentage of reserves a bank is required to hold against deposits. A decrease in the ratio will allow the bank to lend more, which will increase the supply of money. An increase in the ratio will have the opposite effect.
One of the principal ways in which the Fed provides insurance against financial panics is to act as the "lender of last resort", one of the tools used recently as the subprime mortgage debacle led to a credit crunch in the summer of 2007. When business prospects made commercial banks hesitant to extend credit, the Fed stepped in by lending money to the banks, thereby inducing banks to lend more money to their customers. The Federal Reserve does this by lending at the discount window and changing the discount rate.
The federal funds rate is the interest rate that banks charge each other. The federal funds rate target is decided at Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meetings. Depending on their agenda and the economic conditions of the U.S., the FOMC members will either increase, decrease, or leave the rate unchanged. It is possible to infer the market expectations of the FOMC decisions at future meetings from the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) Fed Funds futures contracts, and these probabilities are widely reported in the financial media.
The Federal Reserve’s open-market operations consist of the buying and selling of government securities by the Fed. If the Fed buys back issued securities (such as Treasury Bills) from large banks and securities dealers, it increases the money supply in the hands of the public. The Fed can decrease the supply of money when it sells a security. The monetary expansion following an open-market operation involves adjustments by banks and the public. When the Fed buys securities from a member bank, the bank’s reserves increase, thereby encouraging it to lend . When the bank makes an additional loan, the person receiving the loan gets a bank deposit. These actions cause the money supply to increase by more than the amount of the open-market operation. This multiple expansion of the money supply is called the money multiplier.
Today, the Fed uses its tools to control the supply of money to help stabilize the economy. When the economy is slumping, the Fed increases the supply of money to spur growth. Conversely, when inflation is threatening, the Fed reduces the risk by shrinking the supply. While the Fed's mission of "lender of last resort" is still important, the Fed's role in managing the economy has expanded since its origin. As we near the end of the first quarter of 2008, the Fed has been lowering interest rates because the threat to growth has taken precedence over the Fed’s concern about inflation. Therefore, at this juncture, the Fed is working to keep the economy out of recession and attempting a "soft landing".
John Kaighn
John Kaighn's Web Business Review
Plug In Profit
Jersey Benefits Advisors
John Kaighn's Guidance Website
The establishment of a Central Bank went through many convolutions prior to becoming a non partisan guardian of monetary policy. During the American Revolution, the Continental Congress printed the new nation's first paper money, known as "continentals”. Later, at the urging of Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, Congress established the First Bank of the United States, headquartered in Philadelphia, in 1791. By 1811, with a backlash toward the large banking establishment brewing, the bank's 20-year charter expired and Congress refused to renew it by one vote.
By 1816, Congress agreed to charter the Second Bank of the United
States, but Andrew Jackson, a central bank foe, was elected president in 1828 and he was successful in allowing the charter to expire. State-chartered banks and unchartered "free banks" took hold and began issuing their own notes, redeemable in gold. The New York Clearinghouse Association was established in 1853 to provide a way for the city's banks to exchange checks and settle accounts.
During the Civil War the National Banking Act of 1863 was passed, providing for nationally chartered banks, whose circulating notes had to be backed by U.S. government securities. Although the National Banking Act of 1863 established some measure of currency stability for the growing nation, bank runs and financial panics continued to plague the economy. In 1893 a banking panic triggered the worst depression the United States had ever seen, and the economy stabilized only after the intervention of financial mogul J.P. Morgan.
In 1907 a bout of speculation on Wall Street ended in failure, triggering a
particularly severe banking panic. The Aldrich-Vreeland Act of 1908, passed as an immediate response to the panic of 1907, provided for emergency currency issues during crises. It also established the National Monetary Commission to search for a long-term solution to the nation's banking and financial problems. By December 23, 1913, when President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act into law, it stood as a classic example of compromise -- a decentralized central bank that balanced the competing interests of private banks and populist sentiment.
Originally, the mandate of the Federal Reserve was not envisioned as an entity which would utilize an active monetary policy to stabilize the economy. The idea of using an economic stabilization policy only dates from the work of John Maynard Keynes in 1936. Instead, the founders viewed the Fed as a means of preventing the supplies of money and credit from drying up during economic contractions, as often happened prior to World War I.
The central bank’s function has changed since the days of the Great Depression, and the Fed now primarily manages the growth of bank reserves and money supply to help stabilize growth during expansions. In order to control the money supply, the Fed uses three main tools to change bank reserves. These tools are a change in reserve requirements, a change in the either the discount rate or the federal funds rate, and the use of Open-market operations.
Changing the reserve ratio is a seldom used, but quite powerful tool at the Fed’s disposal. The reserve ratio is the percentage of reserves a bank is required to hold against deposits. A decrease in the ratio will allow the bank to lend more, which will increase the supply of money. An increase in the ratio will have the opposite effect.
One of the principal ways in which the Fed provides insurance against financial panics is to act as the "lender of last resort", one of the tools used recently as the subprime mortgage debacle led to a credit crunch in the summer of 2007. When business prospects made commercial banks hesitant to extend credit, the Fed stepped in by lending money to the banks, thereby inducing banks to lend more money to their customers. The Federal Reserve does this by lending at the discount window and changing the discount rate.
The federal funds rate is the interest rate that banks charge each other. The federal funds rate target is decided at Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meetings. Depending on their agenda and the economic conditions of the U.S., the FOMC members will either increase, decrease, or leave the rate unchanged. It is possible to infer the market expectations of the FOMC decisions at future meetings from the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) Fed Funds futures contracts, and these probabilities are widely reported in the financial media.
The Federal Reserve’s open-market operations consist of the buying and selling of government securities by the Fed. If the Fed buys back issued securities (such as Treasury Bills) from large banks and securities dealers, it increases the money supply in the hands of the public. The Fed can decrease the supply of money when it sells a security. The monetary expansion following an open-market operation involves adjustments by banks and the public. When the Fed buys securities from a member bank, the bank’s reserves increase, thereby encouraging it to lend . When the bank makes an additional loan, the person receiving the loan gets a bank deposit. These actions cause the money supply to increase by more than the amount of the open-market operation. This multiple expansion of the money supply is called the money multiplier.
Today, the Fed uses its tools to control the supply of money to help stabilize the economy. When the economy is slumping, the Fed increases the supply of money to spur growth. Conversely, when inflation is threatening, the Fed reduces the risk by shrinking the supply. While the Fed's mission of "lender of last resort" is still important, the Fed's role in managing the economy has expanded since its origin. As we near the end of the first quarter of 2008, the Fed has been lowering interest rates because the threat to growth has taken precedence over the Fed’s concern about inflation. Therefore, at this juncture, the Fed is working to keep the economy out of recession and attempting a "soft landing".
John Kaighn
John Kaighn's Web Business Review
Plug In Profit
Jersey Benefits Advisors
John Kaighn's Guidance Website
Saturday, March 1, 2008
Commodity Express
In his testimony before Congress on economic conditions, Fed Chairman Ben Bernanke stated, "It is important to recognize that downside risks to growth remain." This was taken as a signal that the Fed will once again be lowering interest rates at the March FOMC meeting. This sent the dollar to new lows against the Euro and commodities prices soaring as gold futures approached $1,000 an ounce and oil futures rallied to $102.59 a barrel. Are we seeing the froth of another bubble, this time in commodities, as the speculators (who never quite seem to learn their lesson) seek to find yet another way to get rich quick?
Recently, economists and investors completely debunked the notion that the major economies of the world may have decoupled from the US economy. Yet the very idea that commodity prices will continue their dizzying upward spiral despite a slowdown in the US economy would almost indicate some denial going on here. Since a slowdown in the US would bring about lesser demand for foreign and domestic goods, which in turn will slow production in foreign countries, which will mean less money to purchase goods (which are made from commodities), it seems in the very near future the direction of oil and other commodities may be down.
Inventories of gasoline and heating oil have been higher than anticipated and winter is almost over. As gasoline hovers at $3.00 a gallon and threatens to go to $4.00 a gallon, can a slowdown in consumption be far behind. At this point, OPEC has not cut production, and why would they? At $100 a barrel their greed overwhelms their business sense, much as the builders, mortgage brokers and banks during the run up to the housing correction. It's no wonder consumer confidence fell in February to the lowest level in 17 years. All of this, and we are not even sure we are in a recession yet. Let's just hope the most recent homeowner bailouts being contemplated by Congress never get out of committee, or we could take a slowdown and create a disaster.
John Kaighn
John Kaighn's Web Business Review
Plug In Profit
Jersey Benefits Advisors
John Kaighn's Guidance Website
Recently, economists and investors completely debunked the notion that the major economies of the world may have decoupled from the US economy. Yet the very idea that commodity prices will continue their dizzying upward spiral despite a slowdown in the US economy would almost indicate some denial going on here. Since a slowdown in the US would bring about lesser demand for foreign and domestic goods, which in turn will slow production in foreign countries, which will mean less money to purchase goods (which are made from commodities), it seems in the very near future the direction of oil and other commodities may be down.
Inventories of gasoline and heating oil have been higher than anticipated and winter is almost over. As gasoline hovers at $3.00 a gallon and threatens to go to $4.00 a gallon, can a slowdown in consumption be far behind. At this point, OPEC has not cut production, and why would they? At $100 a barrel their greed overwhelms their business sense, much as the builders, mortgage brokers and banks during the run up to the housing correction. It's no wonder consumer confidence fell in February to the lowest level in 17 years. All of this, and we are not even sure we are in a recession yet. Let's just hope the most recent homeowner bailouts being contemplated by Congress never get out of committee, or we could take a slowdown and create a disaster.
John Kaighn
John Kaighn's Web Business Review
Plug In Profit
Jersey Benefits Advisors
John Kaighn's Guidance Website
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